Morality Is Culturally Dependent What May Be Moral

Morality is culturally dependent, what may be moral in our cultural may be immoral in other cultures and vice versa. America has numerous debatable topics on morality and according to the â€Å"The Presence of Other’s† textbook editor, â€Å"some Americans†¦ wonder whether their national culture can sink much lower than it already has† (Lundsford 163). One can agree with the American inquiry because humans are taking advantage of their resources. Just because one is capable of doing something, doesn’t mean that they should do it. Ethical values in America today portray this concept in situations such as academic integrity, genetics, torture and lying. To begin with, academic integrity is one of the top controversies in morality. With the rapid advancement in technology, there is no way to prevent plagiarism or cheating. Now a days, students are able to purchase professionally written research papers online as long as they can afford the cost. Also, students that sit in the back of the classroom think that the professor can’t see them so they whip out their phones and google the answers or look at pictures of their notes that they took earlier that day. Plagiarizing and cheating are moral issues because those students are getting an unfair advantage over those that are actually trying hard to succeed. One tactic that has been seen through personal experience is the abilities of a calculator. To cheat, students are capable of â€Å"programing their calculators with formulas, but rig them toShow MoreRelatedMorality Essay565 Words   |  3 PagesMorality Is morality relative? Ruth Benedict and James Rachels have opposing views on this conroversial question. Benedict, a foremost American anthropologist who taught at Columbia University (Pojman 370) believes that morality is relative to ones culture and that ones behavior which is deemed moral or immoral is dependent upon cultural norms. Her argument is as such: 1. Different cultures have radically different moral codes 2. There are no objective moral principles i.e. allRead MorePope s Parents By Benedict And The Abnormal Analyzes The Relative Nature Of Morality939 Words   |  4 PagesBenedict in Anthropology and the Abnormal analyzes the relative nature of morality and how it relates to social and cultural norms. Social norms are constantly changing and evolving depending on the environment and time period. Cultural norms are more consistent than social norms. Cultural norms remain constant with time but differ based on the environment a person is in. I plan to use this methodology to explain the morality of my parents’ decision to allow my grandmother to move into our house whenRead MoreThe Theory Behind Ethical Relativism1332 Words   |  6 Pagesfollow what they feel is morally right or wrong. For ethical standards may be concrete or written in stone never to be changed however are important to the standards of moral to the individual person; moral and ethical values are not universa l and common among all but vary depending on the culture of the individual person. Cannibalism is either viewed by many as morally and ethically wrong but it can also be right depending on the situation given and within reason; it is dependent upon moral and ethicalRead MoreThe Is Not An Action Is Ethically Right Or Wrong?1124 Words   |  5 Pagesother cultures? Judgements in regards to what is ethically right and wrong or what is different, culturally. Not being permitted to judge the practices of another culture and only being permitted to allow other cultures to progress and practice as they please is the common belief known as cultural relativism. Should whether or not an action is ethically right or wrong be only determined by that culture? Philosopher Ruth Benedict supports this belief; morality is merely based on the culture which anRead MoreSociological Approaches Of Mental Illness1367 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' The Deviance Model places certain individuals who portray qualities of what we may consider as people with mental illness, where their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors violate own or others expectations (the violation of social norms). This sociological approach is frequently debated where the individual is being conceptualized as either sick or deviant which then reflects on their deviant behavior. Deviant behaviors should not determine whether someone is mentally ill or not. There are individualsRead MoreCulture Issues in Developed Countries1538 Words   |  6 Pagescountry B; some even expected. Often, when looking at ethical dilemmas in other countries, we must ask: Is it moral or not, when trading in a foreign country, to participate in immoral actions to survive? Morality is typically the standard that a group has about what is right and wrong good and evil permissible or unacceptable. As trade barriers are falling around the globe, differences in morality are gaining more int erest regarding such issues as human rights, political behavior or even environmentalRead MoreThomas Hardy s Tess Of The D Urbervilles1317 Words   |  6 PagesTess’ more intrinsic qualities such as her looks, ethical sensitivity, relational intensity, and aptitude in comparison to her fellow countrymen, present her as a â€Å"deeper-passioned† (140) woman of a higher class. Therefore, Tess, both socially and culturally, is essentially a combination of both classes, and she does not fully fit in with either class. In the novel, Tess’ character, qualities, and position reveal her as both a d’Urberville, an aristocrat, and a Durbeyfield, a peasant. When the DurbeyfieldsRead MoreIs Truth Objective Or Subjective?1504 Words   |  7 Pageswrong dependent upon one’s religion, morals, and culture? This is a question that has been debated for years and a topic that many have devoted their careers and lives to. I believe truth is very much subjective. Almost everyone has beliefs or truths that they are unwilling to compromise. Why is this? Is it because everyone is searching for the one ultimate truth or is it because what is truth to one simply is not truth to another? During this essay, I will show how one’s religion, morals, and cultureRead More The Relationship Between Culture and Technology Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagespeoples increased. At this point there are few self-sustaining societies. (Even our interdependent societies are not permanently sustainable on our Earth). This limitation of resources leads to need, which in turn may lead to warfare. It is true that the civilized, even moral – if morality can be an argument in this politically correct world – approach involves trade and does not involve senseless killing. And, of course, not all conflicts are based on immediate need. However, many conflicts can beRead MoreThe Philosophers Views Of Human Nature Essay1803 Words   |  8 Pageseach other. By considering the sources of this apparent disparity, however, one may determine that the differences in these philosophers’ views of human nature are a direct result of the differences in their end goals. In fact, Mencius’ and Han Feizi’s opinions on the matter can actually coexist without contradiction because the two have completely different standards of what is â€Å"good† and what is â€Å"bad†. Though it may seem counterintuitive that Mencius’s claim for mankind’s innate goodness and Han

The Return Midnight Chapter 27 Free Essays

Stefan whirled around and saw Bonnie, with only a towel wrapped around her, trying to physical y restrain Elena, who was similarly clad. Elena’s hair was wet and uncombed. Something had caused her to leap out of the bathing pool and run directly into the corridor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stefan was surprised by Damon’s reaction. Was that a spark of alarm in the endlessly dark eyes that had remained impassive watching a thousand disasters, calamities, cruelties? No, it couldn’t be. But it certainly looked like one. Elena was getting closer. Her voice rang out clearly through the hal way, which was spacious enough to give it a slight echo. â€Å"Damon! I see you! You wait right there – I’m coming to kill you! â€Å" This time the flicker was unmistakable. Damon glanced at the window, which was partly open. Meanwhile Bonnie had lost the fight and Elena was running like a gazel e toward the office. Her eyes, however, were definitely not doe-like. Stefan saw them glitter dangerously as Elena herself eluded him – mainly because he didn’t dare grab her by the towel, and every other part of her was slippery. Elena was now facing Damon, who had risen from his chair. â€Å"How could you?†she cried. â€Å"Using Bonnie like that – Influencing her, drugging her – al to get at what didn’t belong to you! Using almost al the Power that was left in Misao’s star bal – what did you think Shinichi would do when you did that? He came after us, that’s what he did – and who knows if the boardinghouse is Stillstanding?† Damon opened his mouth, but Elena wasn’t finished. â€Å"And then to bring Bonnie to the Dark Dimension with you – I don’t care if you didn’t want to waste opening the Gate or not. You knew you shouldn’t be taking her here.† Damon was angry now. â€Å"I – â€Å" But Elena cut him off without even hesitating. â€Å"Then once you drag her here you abandon her. You leave her terrified, alone, in a room where she’s not even al owed to look out of the window, with a col ection of star bal s that you don’t even bother to examine – but which are completely unsuitable and give her nightmares! You – â€Å" â€Å"If the little dolt had just had the sense to wait quietly – â€Å" â€Å"What? What did you say? â€Å" â€Å"I said, if the little dolt had just had the sense – â€Å" Stefan, who was already on the move, shut his eyes briefly. He opened them again in time to see the slap and to feel Elena putting al her Power into it. It snapped Damon’s head around. What astonished him – even though he positioned himself precisely in case of it – was to see Damon’s hand flash up as quick as a cobra’s strike. There was no fol ow-through, but Stefan had already picked Elena up bodily and pul ed her back out of range. â€Å"Let go!†Elena cried, struggling to get out of Stefan’s arms, or at least get her feet on the ground. â€Å"I’m going to kill him!† The next astonishing thing – discontinuing the raw fury that Stefan could feel coursing through Elena’s aura – was that Elena was actual y winning the struggle, despite the fact that he was orders of magnitude stronger than she was. Part of it had to do with the towel, which was threatening to drop at any moment. The other part was that Elena had acquired a unique style of fighting stronger opponents – at least those with any conscience. She deliberately threw herself against any point at which it would hurt her to restrain her, and she didn’t give up. Eventual y he was going to have to choose between injuring her and letting her go. At that moment, however, Elena stopped moving. She froze, head turned as she looked behind him. Stefan glanced backward too, and felt an electrical shock shoot through him. Bonnie was standing directly behind them, looking at Damon, her lips parted in anguish, tears in her wide brown eyes and streaming down her cheeks. Instantly, even before he could register Elena’s pleading glance, Stefan released her. He understood: Her mood and the dynamics of this situation had just been turned upside down. Elena adjusted her towel and turned to Bonnie, but by then Bonnie was running away down the corridor. Elena’s longer strides al owed her to reach Bonnie in a moment and she caught the smal er girl and held her, not so much by force as by sisterly magnetism. â€Å"Don’t worry about that snake, â€Å"Elena’s voice came back to them clearly, as it was obviously meant to. â€Å"He’s a – â€Å"And here Elena indulged in some very creative cursing. Stefan could hear al of it distinctly and noticed that it broke off into tiny hushing sounds just as Elena turned into the door of the bathing salon. Stefan glanced sideways at Damon. He didn’t mind fighting his brother in the least right now; he was ful of rage himself on behalf of Bonnie. But Damon ignored him as if he were part of the wal paper, staring at nothing with an expression of icy fury. At that moment Stefan heard a faint sound from the farthest end of the corridor, which was quite a distance away. But his vampire senses informed him that surely the person in front was a woman of consequence, probably their hostess. He stepped forward so that at least she could be greeted by someone who was wearing clothing. However, at the last moment, Elena and Bonnie appeared in front of him, clad in dresses – gowns, rather – that were both casual and works of genius. Elena’s was an informal robe of deep lapis blue, with her hair drying into a soft golden mass around her shoulders. Bonnie was wearing something shorter and lighter: pale violet, shot with threads of silver in no particular pattern. Both outfits, Stefan grasped suddenly, would look as good in the interminable sunlight as in a closed room with no windows and gas lamps. He remembered the stories Elena had told about Lady Ulma designing gowns for her, and he realized that whatever else his hostess might be, she was truly a genius couturier. And then Elena was running, dainty gold sandals flying, and Bonnie’s silver slippers were fol owing and Stefan began to run too, fearing some unknown danger. They al arrived at the far end of the hal way at the same time, and Stefan saw that the woman standing there was dressed even more splendidly than the girls. She was wearing a deep red raw silk gown with a heavy diamond-and-ruby necklace and ring – but no bracelets. The next minute the girls were both curtseying, deep, graceful curtseys. Stefan made his best bow. Lady Ulma held out both hands to Elena, who seemed to be almost frantic over something that Stefan didn’t understand. Elena took the extended hands, breathing quickly and shal owly. â€Å"Lady Ulma – you’re so thin – â€Å" Just then the babbling of a baby could be heard. Elena’s face lit up and she smiled at Lady Ulma, letting out a quick breath. A young servant – even younger-looking than Bonnie – gently put a tiny bundle made of lace and sheerest lawn into Lady Ulma’s arms. Both Elena and Bonnie blinked away tears, al the while beaming at the child and making little nonsense noises. Stefan could understand that – they’d known the Lady since she was a whip-torn slave, trying not to miscarry. â€Å"But how – ?†Elena began spluttering. â€Å"We saw you only a few days ago, but this baby is months old – â€Å" â€Å"A few days? Is that how long it seems to you?†asked Lady Ulma. â€Å"To us, it has been many months. But the magic Stillworks, Elena! Your magic remained! It was an easy delivery – easy! And then Dr. Meggar says that you saved me before she suffered injury from the abuse I went through. She is trying to speak already! It is you, Elena, it is your magic!† At this the Lady made a movement as if to kneel at Elena’s feet. She got no farther than a few inches, though, because Elena caught her hands, crying, â€Å"Lady Ulma, no!†while Stefan, at his best speed, slipped beside the girl servant and caught the Lady by her elbows, supporting her weight. â€Å"And I’m not magic,†Elena added. â€Å"Stefan, tel her that I’m not magic.† Obediently, Stefan leaned toward the ear of the tal woman. â€Å"Elena is the most magic I’ve ever encountered,†he stage-whispered. â€Å"She has Powers that I can’t even understand.† â€Å"Ahh!† Elena made a wordless exclamation of frustration. â€Å"Do you know what I’m naming her?†the Lady continued. Her face, if not conventional y beautiful, was striking, with an aristocratic combination of Roman nose and high cheekbones. â€Å"No.†Elena smiled – and then â€Å"No!†Elena cried. â€Å"Please! Don’t condemn her to a life of expectations and terror. Don’t tempt anyone to hurt her while she’s Stilla child. Oh, Lady Ulma!† â€Å"But my dear savior†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then Elena began to manage things. Once she took a situation in hand there was no way not to go with the flow of it. â€Å"Lady Ulma,†she said clearly, â€Å"forgive me for interfering in your affairs. But Bonnie has told me – â€Å"She stopped, hesitated. â€Å"Of the troubles of strong and hopeful young girls, for the most part poor or enslaved, who have taken on the names of the three bravest young women who ever graced our world,†Lady Ulma finished for her. â€Å"Something like that,†Elena said, flushing. â€Å"Nobody’s cal ing themselves Damon,†put in the young nurse cheerful y and with the utmost goodwil . â€Å"Neither boys nor girls.† Stefan could have kissed her. â€Å"Oh, Lakshmi!†Elena hugged the coltish-looking teenager. â€Å"I didn’t even see you properly. Let me look at you.†She held the girl at arm’s length. â€Å"Do you know, you’ve grown at least an inch since I last saw you?† Lakshmi beamed. Elena turned back to Lady Ulma. â€Å"Yes, I am afraid for the child. Why not cal her Ulma?† The patrician lady half shut her eyes. â€Å"Because, my dear Elena, Helena, Aliena, Al iana, Laynie, El a – I would not wish ‘Ulma’on anyone, much less my lovely daughter.† â€Å"Why not cal her Adara?†Lakshmi put in suddenly. â€Å"I always thought that was pretty, since I was a kid.† There was a silence – almost a stunned silence. Then Elena said, â€Å"Adara – it’s a lovely name.† â€Å"And not at alldangerous,†Bonnie said. Stefan said, â€Å"It wouldn’t stop her from starting a revolution if she wanted to.† There was a pause. Everyone looked at Damon, who was looking out the window expressionlessly. Everyone waited. He final y turned. â€Å"Oh, excel ent,†he said blankly, clearly having no idea – and less interest – in what they were talking about. â€Å"Oh come on, Damon.†Bonnie’s eyes were Stillswol en, but she spoke brightly. â€Å"Make it unanimous! That way Lady Ulma wil be sure.†Good God, Stefan thought, she must be the most forgiving girl in the universe. â€Å"Certainly, then,†Damon said indifferently. â€Å"Forgive us,†Elena said tightly to the room in general. â€Å"We’ve all been going through a bit of a hard time.† That gave Lady Ulma her cue. â€Å"Of course you have,†she said, smiling the smile of one who has known bitter suffering. â€Å"Bonnie has told us of the destruction of your town. I am deeply sorry. What you need now is food and rest. I’l have someone conduct you to your rooms.† â€Å"I should have introduced Stefan at the start, but I was so worried I forgot to,†Elena said. â€Å"Stefan, this is Lady Ulma, who was so good to us before. Lady Ulma – Well, you know who this is.†She went on tiptoe to kiss Stefan lingeringly. Lingeringly enough that Stefan had to gently detach her and put her down. He was almost frightened at this display of bad manners. Elena was really angry at Damon. And if she didn’t forgive him, the scenes would only continue to escalate – and if he was right, Elena was truly getting closer to being able to cast Wings of Destruction. He didn’t even consider asking Damon to forgive anyone. After the girls had whispered raptures over the baby again, they were conducted to opulent bed chambers, each furnished in excel ent taste, down to the smal est decoration. As usual, though, they al congregated in one room, which happened to be Stefan’s. There was more than enough space on the bed for the three of them to sit or flop. Damon wasn’t present but Stefan would bet his undead life that he was listening in. â€Å"All right,†Elena said briskly, and went into storytel ing mode. She explained to Bonnie everything that had happened through their taking the Master Keys from Shinichi and Misao, to their flight to Lady Ulma’s bathing chamber. â€Å"To have so much Power suddenly torn away from you in an instant†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Bonnie had her head down, and it wasn’t hard to guess who she was thinking about. She looked up. â€Å"Please, Elena. Don’t be so angry at Damon. I know he’s done some bad things – but he’s been so unhappy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"That’s no excuse,†Elena began. â€Å"And, frankly, I’m – â€Å" Don’t, Elena! Don’t tell her that you’re ashamed of her for putting up with it! She’s already ashamed of herself! â€Å"I’m surprised at him,†Elena said with only the smal est hesitation. â€Å"I know for a fact that he cares for you. He even has a pet name for you: his little redbird.† Bonnie sniffed. â€Å"You always say that pet names are stupid.† â€Å"Well, but I meant names like – oh – if he cal ed you ‘Bonbon’or something.† Bonnie’s head came up. â€Å"Even that would be okay for the baby,†she said, with a sudden smile, like a rainbow after a storm. â€Å"Oh, yes, isn’t she adorable? I never saw such a happy baby. Margaret used to just look at you with big eyes. Adara – if she is Adara – should have such a happy life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Stefan settled back against the headboard. Elena had the situation in hand. Now he could worry about where Damon was going. After a moment he tuned back in, to find Bonnie talking about treasure. â€Å"And they kept asking me and asking me and I couldn’t figure out why since the star bal with the story on it was right there. Only the story is gone now – Damon checked. Shinichi was going to throw me out the window, and that was when Damon rescued me, and the Guardians asked me about the story too.† â€Å"Strange,†Stefan said, sitting up alertly. â€Å"Bonnie, tel me how you first felt this story; where you were and al .† Bonnie said, â€Å"Well, first I saw a story about a little girl named Marit going to buy a sugarplum – that was why I tried to do the same thing the next day. And then I went to bed, but I couldn’t sleep. So then I picked up the star bal again and it showed me the story about the kitsune treasures. The stories are shown in order, so it had to be the one right after the sweetshop story. And then suddenly I was out of my body, and I was flying with Elena right over Alaric’s car.† â€Å"Did you do anything in between experiencing the story and going to bed?†Stefan asked. Bonnie thought; her rosebud mouth pursed. â€Å"I suppose I turned down the gas lamp. Every night I would turn the lamp way down so that it was only a flicker.† â€Å"And did you turn it back up again when you couldn’t sleep and reached for the star bal again?† â€Å"Um†¦no. But they’re not books! You don’t have to see to experience a story.† â€Å"That wasn’t what I meant. How did you find the star bal in that dim room? Was it the only star bal on the floor near you?† Bonnie’s brows came together. â€Å"Well †¦no. There were twenty-six. Two others were hideous; I’d kicked those into a corner. Twenty-five were soap operas – so boring. It’s not as if I had shelves or anywhere else to put them – â€Å" â€Å"Bonnie, do you want to know what I think happened?† Bonnie blinked and nodded. â€Å"I think that you read a children’s story and then you went to bed. And you actual y fel asleep very quickly, even though you dreamed you were awake. Then you dreamed a premonition – â€Å" Bonnie groaned. â€Å"Another one of those? But there wasn’t even anyone to tel it to then!† â€Å"Exactly. But you wanted to tel it to someone, and that longing brought you – your spirit – to where Elena was. But Elena was so worried about getting word across to Alaric that she was having an out-of-body experience. She’d been asleep too, I’m sure of it.†Stefan looked at Elena. â€Å"What do you think of that?† How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 27, Essay examples

Experiment Design for Behavioural Brain Research-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theExperiment Design for Behavioural Brain Research. Answer: Involvement of the Basal Ganglia Domains (Limbic, Associative and Sensorimotor) In Induced Dyskinesia Introduction The management of Parkinsons illness people with a dopamine precursor like the L-dopa boosts the growth of severe changes in motor response as well as involuntary movements referred to as L-dopa induced dyskinesia, a serious complication of L-dopa therapy associated with Parkinsons ailment. The true nature of such manifestations can result to experiments concerning the abnormalities of neural function especially in the corticobasal ganglia motor circuit. However, since the modern theory regarding the arrangement of basal ganglia pathways suggests that both the basal ganglia plus the frontal cortex are put in segregated circuits that are parallel, there is a tremendous proof showing the consistence for associative, limbic and sensorimotor domains (Le Jeune et al., 2008). Ideally, research shows that the motor components of a sub thalamic nucleus as well as the dorso lateral tip have a usual terminal activity at the chorea which is of signifance in dystonia. On the other hand, the metabolic activity of the limbic and associative sub thalamic nucleus is impaired in both scenarios. However, the result initially showed that there exists a pathophysiological disparity between dystonia and the L-dopa induced chorea. According to Le Jeune et al., (2008), it can now be hypothesized that can also reflect the association of opposite pathways in a lopa induced dyskinesia hence increasing the likelihood that it as well relates to the unusual processing of the either associative or limbic information. Hence the rationale of this paper is to design an experiment that identifies if or not the modulation of a loop in the basal ganglia can alter the output in other loops in the systematic fashion. The write up also looks at the changes in the 2DG accumulation in associative, sensorimotor plus the limbic domains of the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei of groups that are not primate. Materials and Methods Used In the Experiment Nineteen female monkeys were put in separate primate rooms under controlled conditions of light, temperature and humidity. Both food as well as water was provided and animal care was being ensured by a registered veterinarian. The experiment was conducted in respect to the European communitys council directive of September for proper care of laboratory animals. For the experiment protocol, the demographic property showed that every methyl phenyl treated animals monkeys showed a comparable phase of lesion as well as different behaviours. Both the control plus the methyl phenyl treated animals corresponds to those animals in the D25 and D0 groups while dsykinetic plus the nondyskinetic species originated from a population of those animals validated earlier. For the later animals, they were created administration of L-dopa twice a day for up to eight months at a modified dose made to give complete reversal of Parkinsons condition. The animals that contracted serious and reproducible dyskinesia were five while four did not. Regarding the behavioural evaluation, the parkinsonian condition was determined on an animal rating scale using video tape recordings of the animals. After the evaluated a score of zero represented a normal monkey while the score of six and above represented the parkinsonian animal. However, the degree of dyskinesia was measured by use of a dyskinesia disability scale abbreviated as DDS. Zero meant dyskinesia was absent; one meant the condition was mild with rare dyskinetic movements as well as postures. A scale of two mean moderate with outstanding unusual movements and not interfering greatly with the usual behaviour. Three marked regular and sometimes continuous dyskinesia entering via the normal repertoire of activity. A scale of four represented severe continuous dyskinetic activity rendering the animal disabled as well as replacing the actual behaviour (Kirch et al., 2013). 2-DG Procedure During the event the monkeys were killed, they were injected with 2DG deoxy glucose which was sterile saline. After almost one hour, all the monkeys were killed by a pentobarbital overdose , while the L-dopa treated monkeys got their modified dose of L-dopa a quarter an hour prior to the introduction of 2DG. Their brains were removed and stored in a chemical substance to freeze. The inner tissues were cut into pieces of 20 micrometres where they were thaw mounted onto slides containing gelatine substance. After they were freeze dried, the auto radiographic methyl methacrylate standards plus the serial sections were put to hpyerfilm for sixty days at a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. After two months, densitometry analysis of autoradiograph was done by means of an image analysis method. Each animal was analysed according to four sections per nucleus by an examiner in respect to the radioactivity levels found in contrast with the standards. Later on, the SEM plus the mean bound radi oactivity were subsequently found for every group. Statistical analysis For different comparisons of information, a one-way ANOVA table was employed to check for the general significance followed by a t test for different comparisons. For the behavioural assessment of different comparisons, the kruskal Wallis non parametric test was employed to test the entire significance followed by a t test corrected by different comparisons via Dunns technique. The data were normally distributed plus the significance level of the t test attuned for inequality of measures dispersion like variance if appropriate. Lastly, the analysis was completed using a strata program where a p 0.05 was taken to be significant. Results The 2 deoxy glucose uptake was measured with associative, limbic plus sensorimotor domains of basal ganglia as well as in other target groups of such domains. In that aspect, the outer part of the globus pallidus was classified into three territories namely the associative, sensorimotor and limbic as mentioned earlier. The sub thalamic nucleus was split into associative-limbic and sensorimotor domains. The accumulation of the 2DG was calculated as a whole in the inner parts of globus pallidus as well as in the substantial migra reticulate. There are two outputs of the ganglia due to the continuous overlap between the domains in the nuclei. Ideally, three nuclei were observed in the thalamus. Both the ventral lateral nuclei plus the ventral anterior are known to be thalamic targets of motor loop. The ventral anterior was measured on tiny sections of four millimetres anterior to the anterior commisura where the sub thalamic nucleus is absent and the central lateral was measured accordi ng to sections of six millimetres to anterior commisura where the sub thalamic nucleus is present. However, a mediodorsal nucleus is referred to as the thalamic output of the associative loop of the BG commonly known as basal ganglia. However, the nucleus of the terminus of the stria was considered to be the limbic output of the basal ganglia. Advantages of the Designed Experiment The experiment design is simple and can be applied in different disciplines. The research designs are repeatable hence results can be rechecked as well as verified. The researcher can tailor the experiment as well as maintain validity of the design Limitations of the Experiment Design It was not possible to control the extraneous variable The results obtained in the experiment may not be generalised to a larger population. The reaction of the test subjects cannot be true indicators. Human errors can also play a key role in validity of the subjects. The reaction of the test subjects cannot be true indicators of behaviour in non-experimental environments. In the whole domains of the globus pallidus, 2 deoxy glucose was relatively higher in parkisonian monkeys than the normal monkeys. Both the dyskinetic as well as nondsykinetic animals showed normalised levels of 2 deoxy glucose accumulation in the globus pallidus sensorimotor and limbic. Also, those dyskinetic showed a reduced 2 deoxy glucose uptake in the globus pallidus associative contrary to the methyl phenyl treated as well as non dsykinetic organisms. The 2 deoxy glucose in the two domains were defined in the ST nucleus. Those animals treated with methyl phenyl showed a tremendous decline in 2 deoxy glucose accumulation in the limbic and sensiromotor domains. However, the L- dopa treatments led to a raise in the 2 deoxy glucose levels in the nondsykinetic as well as the nondsykinetic groups. Also, there was no significance group noted within the control groups. The afore mentioned results shows that while nondsykinetic animals presented normalised metabolic activity compared to the control groups dsykinetic organism were distinguished by a tremendous shifts in the 2 deoxy glucose accumulation in associative plus limbic linked structures but not by sensorimotor nuclei (Kirch et al., 2013). The results were obtained from all the animals and those that had died half an hour following L-dopa administration. During this period the D5 parkinsonian symptoms were developed and none of the LID was noted. Instead, LID erupted in the 45th minute onwards in the dsykinetic group and since data obtained from one group is not enough for statistical analysis, a qualitative analysis would provide more insights. Following half an hour after dopamine was administered, 2 deoxy glucose levels in motor nuclei were similar to the nondsykinetic and dsykinetic organisms at an hour after L-dopa was administered. Discussion The primary finding of this experiment is that neural mechanism accountable for LID expressions may too involve associative plus limbic domains but not the sensorimotor domain. Besides, qualitative temporal analysis supports such aspect since in the dsykinetic organism killed when parkiansonian motor abnormalities were developed and prior to the appearance of LID (Kravitz et al., 2010). Therefore, it can be argued that dsykinesia is associated with the pathological metabolic movement in the associative limbic nuclei. The later should not be considered as a movement disorder but also as entailing motivational , affective as well as cognitive aspects of an individual behaviour which been investigated partially in the clinic. The pattern of changes of 2 deoxyglucose accumulation in this experiment matches the original findings from other scholars. For instance, it can be conformed the differential metabolic activity between the components of the ST nucleus and the dorso lateral tip in dsykinetic and nondsykinetic organisms (Sebastianutto et al., 2017). Also, the metabolic activity of basal ganglia motor related structure was not affected in any way in the dsykinetic organism compared to the nondsykinetic. However increased 2 deoxy glucose intake in the GPI must conform to the increased GABAergic tone emanating from the striatum and also from the GPe. According to Kravitz et al., (2010), the reduced 2 deoxy glucose accumulation in the MD of dsykinetic organisms would therefore be the signature impairment of the whole circuit. Since the present study only presents a contaminant variation, it does not at any given moment create a causative connection that remains to be demonstrated directly. Since basal ganglia pathways are considered to be arranged parallel in segregated circuits there is proof showing the continuous funnelling information between the limbic, associative and sensorimotor domains. The same concept was further developed by different scholars by postulating that the same information is continuously by diverse functional domains of basal ganglia via the certain pathways of functional interaction via the basal ganglia circuits. This hypothesis has received lots of accolade from the demonstration that cocaine self-administration produces a continuous involvement sensorimotor, limbic and associative domains. However, chronic L-dopa treatment as well as cocaine administration lead to raised dopamine levels within the striatum can lead to continuous dissemination of information rather than focused processing (Kirch et al., 2013). However, in this write up evidence for comparable mechanisms is being provided but not in the same order that is sensorimotor, followe d by limbic land lastly is associative domain. Together with clinical observations reporting reward deficiency syndrome or the learning deficits in the L-dopa treated persons, it can be postulated that dsykinesia needs no to be seen as a movement disorder, but also as a motivational, affective as well as cognitive disorder. Since the qualitative temporary analysis shows that causative duty of involvement of limbic plus associative nuclei and the direct electrophysiological are mandatory when it comes to the establishment of casual; relationships. Ideally, a shift in the 2 deoxy glucose uptake does not show alteration in firing activity of neurons but shows the integration of shifts during the 45th minute in the entire phase of intrinsic synaptic activity. Moreover, a significant result of this experiment is that LID cannot be continued to being analysed via investigating the motor areas thus rendering unreliable each and every other study that does not pay close attention to the functional organisation of the ganglia loops (Le Je une et al., 2008). Viewing LID is caused as a result of unwanted involvement of limbic as well as associative aspects or as having the or by having limbic and cognitive abnormalities counterparts of LID as is regularly reported by the hyperkinetic complications. For example, say the electrophysiological investigations conforms to the causative hypothesis , modulating the activity of non-motor areas would drastically lower severity of LID , hence offering new drug targets for treatment of the same condition. References Le Jeune, F., Peron, J., Biseul, I., Fournier, S., Sauleau, P., Drapier, S., ... Herry, J. Y. (2008). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation affects orbitofrontal cortex in facial emotion recognition: a PET study. Brain, 131(6), 1599-1608. Kirch, R. D., Meyer, P. T., Geisler, S., Braun, F., Gehrig, S., Langen, K. J., ... Dbrssy, M. D. (2013). Early deficits in declarative and procedural memory dependent behavioral function in a transgenic rat model of Huntington's disease. Behavioural brain research, 239, 15-26. Kravitz, A. V., Freeze, B. S., Parker, P. R., Kay, K., Thwin, M. T., Deisseroth, K., Kreitzer, A. C. (2010). Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry. Nature, 466(7306), 622-626. Sebastianutto, I., Cenci, M. A., Fieblinger, T. (2017). Alterations of striatal indirect pathway neurons precede motor deficits in two mouse models of Huntington's disease. Neurobiology of Disease.

Micro economic environment Essay Example

Micro economic environment Paper The economic environment consists of external factors in a business market and the broader economy that can influence a business. You can divide the economic environment into the microeconomic environment, which affects business decision-making such as individual actions of firms and consumers, and the macroeconomic environment, which affects an entire economy and all of its participants. Many economic factors act as external constraints on your business, which means that you have little, if any, control over them. Lets take a look at both of these broad factors in more detail Macroeconomic influences are broad economic factors that either directly or indirectly affect the entire economy and all of its participants, including your business. These factors include such things as: Interest rates Taxes Inflation Currency exchange rates Consumer discretionary income Savings rates Consumer confidence levels unemployment rate Recession Depression Microeconomic factors influence how your business will make decisions. Unlike macroeconomic factors, these factors are far less broad in scope and do not necessarily affect the entire economy as a whole. Microeconomic actors influencing a business include: Market size Demand Us apply Competitors Suppliers Distribution chain such as retailer stores Why Is It Important? The economic environment of business will play a pivotal role in determining the success or failure of a business. Lets first consider some macroeconomic factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro economic environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Micro economic environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Micro economic environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If interest rates are too high, the cost of borrowing may not permit a business to expand. On the other hand, if unemployment rate is high, businesses can obtain labor at cheaper costs. However, if unemployment is too high, this may result in a recession and less discretionary consumer pending resulting in insufficient sales to keep the business going. Tax rates will take a chunk of your income and currency exchange rates can either help or hurt the exporting of your products to specific foreign markets. Now, lets turn our attention to microeconomic factors for a bit. Market size may determine the viability of entering into a new market. If a market is too small, there may not be sufficient demand and profit potential. This leads us to the concept of demand and supply. If your product is in high demand but there is low supply of it, you are going to make a tidy profit, but if your product is in low demand and the market is flooded with similar products, you may be facing bankruptcy. The quality and quantity of your competition will affect how well you do in winning customers in the marketplace. Suppliers are the arteries pumping vital supplies and resources to you for production. If you have problems with suppliers, it can clog up those arteries and cause serious problems. Likewise, the type of relationship you have with your distributors, such as retail stores, may influence how quickly your products leave their helves. Summary The environment in which a business operates is very complex and has a great deal of influence on how a business performs and whether it will succeed. Macroeconomic factors influence not only a business but also all participants in an economy and include such things as interest rates, inflation, unemployment rates, taxes, discretionary spending, periods of growth and recession. Microeconomic factors also influence the success or failure of a business and include such things as market size, demand, supply, competitors, suppliers, and distributors.

Information Systems and Security Audit Essays

Information Systems and Security Audit Essays Information Systems and Security Audit Essay Information Systems and Security Audit Essay INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SECURITY AUDIT 1. Define the following terms: (6 Marks) -Integrity In information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified undetectably. This is not the same thing as referential integrity in databases, although it can be viewed as a special case of Consistency as understood in the classic ACID model of transaction processing. Integrity is violated when a message is actively modified in transit. Information security systems typically provide message integrity in addition to data confidentiality. Confidentiality Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. For example, a credit card transaction on the Internet requires the credit card number to be transmitted from the buyer to the merchant and from the merchant to a transaction processing network. The system attempts to enforce confidentiality by encrypting the card number during transmission, by limiting the places where it might appear (in databases, log files, backups, printed receipts, and so on), and by restricting access to the places where it is stored. If an unauthorized party obtains the card number in any way, a breach of confidentiality has occurred. Non-repudiation In law, non-repudiation implies ones intention to fulfill their obligations to a contract. It also implies that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received a transaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction. Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures and public key encryption to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. 2. Describe the function of Record Layer in SSL Architecture (2 Marks) The SSL Record Protocol provides basic security services to various higher-layer protocols. In particular, the HTTP, which provides the transfer service for Web client/server interaction, can operate on top of SSL. Three higher-layer protocols are defined as part of SSL: the Handshake Protocol, the Change CipherSpec Protocol, and the Alert Protocol. These SSL-specific protocols are used in the management of SSL exchanges. 3. List the four phases of virus nature (2 Marks) The first phase of a virus code attack is the placement of the code where it may be executed so that it can install itself in the main memory. Listed below are some methods adopted for the installation of viral code in the computer memory. The first phase of a virus code attack is the placement of the code where it maybe executed so that it can install itself in the main memory. The second phase involves saving the viral code to hard or floppy disk in such a way as to make it difficult to be detected and removed. The layout of MicroSoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) provides the following areas in a hard or floppy disk which is largely hidden from users but accessible to DOS commands only. One of the most common techniques used by virus writers is to copy Boot Sector 0 to an unused sector on the disk and then overwrite Boot Sector 0 with viral code. Whenever the disk is booted, the viral code is executed and loaded into the memory. The viral code then loads the original boot sector from its new position and passes control to it, and then system is able to continue apparently normally. The third phase involves a test for a condition which if met, will activate the virus. A condition may be a specified time, date or after a specified number of copies of the viral code have been made. The fourth and final phase is the action phase of the virus. During this phase, the virus attacks the target system and the effect of the attack may be destructive or   non-destructive. 4. Briefly describe the three cryptographic algorithms (5 Marks) DES This is the Data Encryption Standard. This is a cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is a private key system. RSA RSA is a public-key system designed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. HASH A hash algorithm is used for computing a condensed representation of a fixed length message/file. This is sometimes known as a message digest, or a fingerprint. MD5 MD5 is a 128 bit message digest function. It was developed by Ron Rivest. AES This is the Advanced Encryption Standard (using the Rijndael block cipher) approved by NIST. 5. Using Diffie-Hellman Algorithm show that KA=KB , use n=7 and g=3 (5 Marks) 6. Explain the process of generating Cipher and Decrypting Cipher using RSA (5 Marks) The algorithm is based on modular exponentiation. Numbers e, d and N are chosen with the property that if A is a number less than N, then (Ae mod N)d mod N = A. This means that you can encrypt A with e and decrypt using d. Conversely you can encrypt using d and decrypt using e (though doing it this way round is usually referred to as signing and verification). The pair of numbers (e,N) is known as the public key and can be published. The pair of numbers (d,N) is known as the private key and must be kept secret. The number e is known as the public exponent, the number d is known as the private exponent, and N is known as the modulus. When talking of key lengths in connection with RSA, what is meant is the modulus length. An algorithm that uses different keys for encryption and decryption is said to be asymmetric. Anybody knowing the public key can use it to create encrypted messages, but only the owner of the secret key can decrypt them. Conversely the owner of the secret key can encrypt messages that can be decrypted by anybody with the public key. Anybody successfully decrypting such messages can be sure that only the owner of the secret key could have encrypted them. This fact is the basis of the digital signature technique. 7. Without a diagram show DES steps and list formula of determining DES 16 rounds of Permutations for left and Right Block (5 Marks) DES exhibits the complementation property, namely that if we consider a triple length key to consist of three 56-bit keys K1, K2, K3 then encryption is as follows: Encrypt with K1 Decrypt with K2 Encrypt with K3 Decryption is the reverse process: Decrypt with K3 Encrypt with K2 Decrypt with K1 [pic] where [pic]is the bitwise complement of x. EK denotes encryption with key K. P and C denote plaintext and ciphertext blocks respectively. The complementation property means that the work for a brute force attack could be reduced by a factor of 2 (or a single bit) under a chosen-plaintext assumption. DES also has four so-called weak keys. Encryption (E) and decryption (D) under a weak key have the same effect: EK(EK(P)) = P or equivalently, EK = DK. There are also six pairs of semi-weak keys. Encryption with one of the pair of semiweak keys, K1, operates identically to decryption with the other, K2: [pic]or equivalently, [pic] It is easy enough to avoid the weak and semiweak keys in an implementation, either by testing for them explicitly, or simply by choosing keys randomly; the odds of picking a weak or semiweak key by chance are negligible. The keys are not really any weaker than any other keys anyway, as they do not give an attack any advantage. 1. Describe VOIP and explain SIP session setup as applied in VOIP Security VOIP refers to Voice over internet protocol. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an application-layer control protocol that can establish, modify, and terminate multimedia sessions such as Internet telephony calls (VOIP). SIP can also invite participants to already existing sessions, such as multicast conferences. SIP supports five facets of establishing and terminating multimedia communications in VOIP security: User location: determination of the end system to be used for communication; User availability: determination of the willingness of the called party to engage in communications; User capabilities: determination of the media and media parameters to be used; Session setup: ringing, stablishment of session parameters at both called and calling party; Session management: including transfer and termination of sessions, modifying session parameters, and invoking services. 2. Describe various types of Wireless Security protocols WEP encryption In the WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption security method, wireless stations must use a pre-shared key to connect to your network. This method is not recommended, due to known security flaws in the WEP protocol. It is provided for compatibility wit h existing wireless deployments. Note: The router and the wireless stations must be configured with the same WEP key. WPA-Personal: password authentication, encryption The WPA-Personal (Wi-Fi Protected Access) security method (also called WPA-PSK) uses MIC (message integrity check) to ensure the integrity of messages, and TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) to enhance data encryption. WPA-Personal periodically changes and authenticates encryption keys. This is called rekeying. This option is recommended for small networks, which want to authenticate and encrypt wireless data. Note: The router and the wireless stations must be configured with the same passphrase. WPA2 (802. 11i) The WPA2 security method uses the more secure Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher, instead of the RC4 cipher used by WPA and WEP. When using the WPA-Personal security methods, the ZoneAlarm enables you to restrict access to the WLAN network to wireless stations that support the WPA2 security method. If this setting is not selected, the ZoneAlarm router allows clients to connect using both WPA and WPA2. 4. To describe various types of Network firewalls and why they are vital component for maintaining a secure environment. Discuss how you can use various types of firewalls to be able to describe network forensics. . Explain various usage of biometrics and how they are used using real world examples IS AUDIT Case Study Background Displaytech, Inc. makes and sells with superior image quality for electronic viewfinders in consumer digital still cameras, camcorders, and mobile communication devices. Founded in 1985, it employs 50 employees at its headquarters in Longmont, Colorado. D isplaytech also has a partnership facility in Tokyo, Japan. The Challenge Displaytech experienced employee downsizing and shortly afterward hired a new management team. Its computer network was not given proper attention or resources during the transition. The new team was concerned with the systems security and stability. Displaytech wanted an unbiased assessment of the current network system with two specific goals: to identify vulnerable areas that could easily be breached and to define critical areas of the network that would likely impact the business during hardware or configuration failures. The company needed the assessment report to be easily translated into an action plan. It wanted to address network issues as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Result Mile High Networks conducted a security and stability audit of the entire network system including servers, routers and firewalls. Each component was evaluated with emphasis on device configuration and log files. Additionally, the entire network was evaluated for how the business was using resources to help identify vulnerable areas. Mile High Networks: Interviewed key department personnel to identify critical data and ascertain how the network was being used. Reviewed system logs for all network components to determine stability issues. Reviewed all network hardware identified as business critical to determine single points of failure. Evaluated all network perimeter device configurations that could make the network vulnerable. Evaluated company practices that could lead to system breaches. Assignment Assuming you are head of Mile High Networks that conducted security and stability audit. Write a comprehensive audit report giving detailed recommendations / Action plan . NB: Follow procedures of writing a academic research paper, Minimum of 8 pages. Check IS Audit power point

A Plot Summary of Our Town

A Plot Summary of Our Town Written by Thorton Wilder, Our Town is a play that  explores the lives of people living in a small, quintessentially American town. It was first produced in 1938 and received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play is divided into three aspects of the human experience: Act One: Daily Life Act Two: Love / Marriage Act Three: Death / Loss Act One The Stage Manager, serving as the play’s narrator, introduces the audience to Grover’s Corners, a small town in New Hampshire. The year is 1901. In the early morning, only a few folks are about. The paperboy delivers papers. The milkman strolls by. Dr. Gibbs has just returned from delivering twins. Note: There are very few props in Our Town. Most of the objects are pantomimed. The Stage Manager arranges a few (real) chairs and tables. Two families enter and begin pantomiming breakfast. The Gibbs Family Dr. Gibbs: Hardworking, soft-spoken, disciplined.Mrs. Gibbs: The Doctor’s wife. She believes her husband is overworked and should take a vacation.George: Their son. Energetic, friendly, sincere.Rebecca: George’s little sister. The Webb Family Mr. Webb: Runs the town’s newspaper.Mrs. Webb: Strict but loving to her children.Emily Webb: Their daughter. Bright, hopeful and idealistic.Wally Webb: Her younger brother. Throughout the morning and the rest of the day, the townspeople of Grover’s Corner eat breakfast, work in town, do household chores, garden, gossip, go to school, attend choir practice, and admire the moonlight. Some of Act One’s More Compelling Moments Dr. Gibbs calmly chastises his son for forgetting to chop firewood. When George has tears in his eyes, he hands him a handkerchief and the matter is resolved.Simon Stimson, the church organist, leads the church choir while intoxicated. He staggers home drunk and deeply troubled. The constable and Mr. Webb try to assist him, but Stimson wanders away.  Webb wonders how the man’s sorry situation will end, but decided there is nothing to be done about it.Emily Webb and George Gibbs sit at their windows (according to the stage directions, they are perched on ladders). They talk about algebra and the moonlight. Their words are mundane, perhaps, but their fondness for each other is obvious.Rebecca tells her brother a funny story about a letter Jane Crofut received from a minister. It was addressed: Jane Crofut; The Crofut Farm; Grover’s Corners; Sutton County; New Hampshire; United States of America; North America; Western Hemisphere; the Earth; the Solar System; the Univers e; the Mind of God. Act Two The Stage Manager explains that three years have passed. It is the wedding day of George and Emily. The Webb and Gibbs parents lament how their children have grown so quickly. George and Mr. Webb, his soon-to-be father-in-law, awkwardly converse about the futility of marital advice. Before the wedding commences, the Stage Manager wonders how it all began, both this specific romance of George and Emily, as well as the origins of marriage in general. He takes the audience back in time a bit, to when George and Emily’s romantic relationship began. In this flashback, George is the captain of the baseball team. Emily has just been elected as the student body treasurer and secretary. After school, he offers to carry her books home. She accepts but suddenly reveals how she does not like the change in his character. She claims that George has become arrogant. This seems to be a false accusation, however, because George immediately apologizes. He is very grateful to have such an honest friend as Emily. He takes her to the soda shop, where the Stage Manager pretends to be the store owner. There, the boy and girl reveal their devotion to one another. The Stage Manager segues back to the wedding ceremony. Both the young bride and groom are scared about getting married and growing up. Mrs. Gibbs snaps her son out of his jitters. Mr. Webb calms his daughter’s fears. The Stage Manager plays the role of the minister. In his sermon, he says of the countless who have gotten married, â€Å"Once in a thousand times it’s interesting.† Act Three The final act takes place in a cemetery in 1913. It is set upon a hill overlooking Grover’s Corner. About a dozen people sit in several rows of chairs. They have patient and somber faces. The Stage Manager tells us that these are the dead citizens of the town. Among the recent arrivals are: Mrs. Gibbs: Died of pneumonia while visiting her daughter.Wally Webb: Died young. His appendix burst during a Boy Scout trip.Simon Stimson: Facing troubles the audience never understands, he hangs himself. A funeral procession approaches. The dead characters comment nonchalantly about the new arrival: Emily Webb. She died while giving birth to her second child. The spirit of Emily walks away from the living and joins the dead, sitting next to Mrs. Gibbs. Emily is pleased to see her. She talks about the farm. She is distracted by the living as they grieve. She wonders how long the sensation of feeling alive will last; she is anxious to feel like the others do. Mrs. Gibbs tells her to wait, that it is best to be quiet and patient. The dead seem to be looking to the future, waiting for something. They are no longer emotionally connected to the troubles of the living. Emily senses that one can return to the world of the living, that one can revisit and re-experience the past. With the help of the Stage Manager, and against the advice of Mrs. Gibbs, Emily returns to her 12th birthday. However, everything is too beautiful, too emotionally intense. She chooses to go back to the numbing comfort of the grave. The world, she says, is too wonderful for anyone to truly realize it. Some of the dead, such as Stimson, express bitterness to the ignorance of the living. However, Mrs. Gibbs and the others believe that life was both painful and wonderful. They take comfort and companionship in the starlight above them. In the last moments of the play, George returns to weep at Emily’s grave. EMILY: Mother Gibbs? MRS. GIBBS: Yes, Emily? EMILY: They don’t understand, do they? MRS. GIBBS: No, dear. They don’t understand. The Stage Manager then reflects upon how, throughout the universe, it may be that only the inhabitants of the earth are straining away. He tells the audience to get a good night’s rest. The play ends.

Pablo Picasso's Works Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pablo Picasso's Works - Research Paper Example The focus in paper "Pablo Picasso's Works" is on Pablo Picasso's works and the importance of them. Picasso is one of the influential artists of the 20th century. That is, he helped develop and explore variety of artistic styles that are used in the contemporary art world. He was characterized by extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, through developed to a realistic manner during his time. It is no doubt that Pablo Picasso has played a vital role in the artistic industry and his legacy will for a long time define the contemporary world. However, the main focus of this paper is the works rather individuality of Pablo Picasso. The works of Pablo Picasso were exceptionally prolific throughout his career. Pablo Picasso produced an estimate of 50, 000 works, comprising of; 2800 ceramics, 1885 paintings, 1228 sculpture, 12,000 drawings and many more paintings. The main technique was the use of color as an expressive element. In addition, Pablo Picasso relied on drawing as oppose d to subtleties of color to create form and space. To add texture, Pablo Picasso added sand to his paintings. The artist’s early sculptures were characterized by carved wood and modeled in clay or wax. However, with time the sculpturing technique changed and he focused more on diverse materials to make his sculptures. These styles are followed in the contemporary world and will continue to influence the work of art in the future. He is one of the most important figures in consideration of art movements during this period.

Can Scotland reach it's target of generating 50% of it's electricity Essay

Can Scotland reach it's target of generating 50% of it's electricity from renewable sources by 2020 - Essay Example These areas, should they continue to depend on fossil fuels, they risk the occurrence of being dysfunctional in the future. The problem with using fossil fuels to provide power and electricity is that in addition to not being environmentally friendly, these fossil fuels are easily depleted (Gowdy 1998). In fact, it has been predicted that if the world were to still depend on fossil fuels such as oil, there is a high occurrence for oil to expire in the year 2050. Other fossil fuels have been predicted to deplete within the years 2020 to 2030. Natural gas, on the other hand, has been predicted to not be available in the market anymore by the year 2040. Consequently, coal as an energy resource has also been predicted to expire before the year 2100. Uranium as well, has been said to reach the stage of depletion starting from the middle of the 2030s (Droege 2002). The UK Renewable Energy Advisory Group (REAG) has identified renewable energy to be energy that is produced naturally by the environment to be used by man for his own use and benefit (REAG 1992). In Europe, it has been said that renewable energy resources supply 5.3 percent of the total energy being consumed by the entire continent. In the United Kingdom, renewable resources make up only 1 percent. However, in a green paper presented by the European Commission in the year 1996, it has been revealed that members of the European Commission shall increase its target to 12 percent by the year 2010. This easily translates to a significant decrease in the carbon dioxide emissions to around 250 million tonnes. Of course, over the years, the percentages have increased and according to a report released by the EU, it has been revealed that the target of EU member countries would be to make sure that at least 20 percent of their energy needs are derived from renewable energy resources by the year 2020. Based on the report, it has been mentioned that the

Business to Consumer Marketing Essay Example for Free

Business to Consumer Marketing Essay Increase in the use of Internet use means that marketing on the internet has also gained popularity. People turn towards the Internet to search for basic information on any items they are interested in, whether for personal use or for business, and to a lesser extent they may want to purchase it from the convenience of their home or office. From the business point of view, this means the companies need to pay special attention to their website, as it represents the company in cyber space. Not only the extent of information available on their site, but the user-friendliness of the website, search ability of the site, how fast the website loads, are also important factors. All these factors are also dependent on the target market of the company, whether they are engaged in B2B (business-to-business) or B2C (business-to-consumer) marketing. For instance, B2B customers are more concerned with technical aspect of the product, the warranty provided and the customer services. For B2C customers, the design and over all look of the product may be equally important as the functionalities. This article discusses the differences and similarities between B2C and B2B marketing that should be there in an ideal or a well-planned website. Features of Online Marketing Before being specific about what B2B and B2C marketing should ideally target, I’ll be discussing the common features any marketing site should have. It is also important knowing that a company is represented by one site, and this should give all the relevant information to all its stakeholders, in a manner which is easily accessible and gives only relevant information. The postings on an e-information typically fall into these five categories, according to Etzel, Walker and Stanton (2004): Company Background and General Information: This category covers the history of the company, its mission and vision, corporate philosophy and general orientation. It may also include financial performance of the company and other investor related information, the structure of the company, its operations and global/local divisions and branches, and profile of the management team. This portion is usually accessible to everyone and needs to be presented clearly to both categories of customers – individuals and business consumers. Current Business Operations: This category caters to the company’s customers. This is where division of any kind may come in. For customers this section provides product descriptions, dealer contact information and payment terms and structure. For the business partners, this may consider more technical details, how to contact the relevant business personnel, the different packages available etc. Because the company needs to know about its potential customers, and some of the information in this section may be confidential, access may be restricted by requiring the users to register and give their email address, which allows them to be kept updated with new company’s happenings if they choose to keep updated. This is a place where there is a two-way communication open, minimal though it may be, and companies should focus on those aspects which are valued by their target market. Links:Â  This category has connections to other related sites. This is important for B2B customers who may wish to contact a dealer near their place of business, or to get more information. Attraction and Entertainment Features: This is more important for B2C customers and includes those features and tools which make the site more interesting and unique for customers. For B2B sites, it is more important to be uncluttered, present the information in a style that is easy-to-read and understand, and the site itself should be easy to navigate. Contact Point:Â  This provides usually an email address for visitors, to make a comment or for queries and should also provide a phone number. This is an opportunity to interact directly with the company and is a major advantage of internet over traditional media. However, this should be paid attention to, as unanswered queries and negatively affect the company’s business. B2B Online Marketing: B2B sites specifically cater to corporate clients. This implies that the decision making process is longer for the customers and the company should cater to that. Also, services usually provided are in-house services or regarding maintenance software or similar services to increase the productivity and profitability of the company. The characteristics of B2B sites include an attempt to automate trading process on the website. This is more convenient, saves time as well as money. This is important as even though B2C sites are generally more popular, however, the amount of money in transactions is greater for B2B sites. This means that security is also important for any company, including keeping the information provided by the corporate client. Also, the company should try to differentiate itself from the competition by using and promoting its USP (unique selling proposition). This can be done both online as well as offline using traditional methods of advertising, tradeshows, field sales etc. By automating the processes and as much of their supply chain as possible, the company is saving costs in the long run, thus allowing it to compete on price basis as well. Ideally, B2B sites should also have a registration option for business customers who may wish to learn more. By registering themselves on the site, it allows for more human intervention and a two-way communication. This can make an online business transactions more long lasting which is important in businesses. B2C Online Marketing: Sites which specifically cater to a target group to promote goods and services fall into this category. The more popular sites include Amazon. com and eBay. com. B2C sites are more transaction-oriented in general. Though both sites allow transactions, consumers are usually online and in a position to transact and purchase immediately, as they take less time than businesses for decision making. This is because B2B consumers are more investigative and seek more information from different channels and sources. B2C sites also try to create relationships with customers to enhance the brand loyalty of consumers and ensure that their queries are answered. Though, this is more difficult and companies need to ensure that this process does not adversely harm the operations of the company. B2C sites simultaneously also use offline methods along with online advertising. Online tools can include interactive websites, online communities and discussion forums, email marketing, pop-ups, cost per click advertising such as Google AdWords etc. However, the challenge for any company lies in finding the right mix of advertising and promotion which maximizes profits and minimizes costs. However, good B2C sites allows the consumers to shop faster and in a more convenient manner, offerings and prices obtained are in real-time and can be changed as required and call centres are usually integrated along with the websites allowing interaction between the companies and the end-users. Conclusion: Research shows that more than actual purchase, consumers are using the internet more for research about the product and to make a more informed purchase decision, which is truer for the business consumers. Thus, the company should realize that not all visitors may purchase from their site; however most of them will be researching the company’s products and the information available will be a significant factor in the final decision. This is true to a lesser extent for consumers, because individuals tend to display customer loyalty, thus they may research more to confirm their original decision rather than look at competition’s information. Also, in B2C more emphasis is on price comparisons as customers usually go online shopping to obtain the best price possible. This is also lower than the price in offline stores in some cases as it saves the cost of the intermediary or any dealer involved. In B2B, competition on a global basis ensures that the companies no longer can ignore online marketing and it is necessary to keep up with the competition. Initiatives such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and just in time inventory are changing the way business is being done. This combined with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ensures that the way companies do business with other businesses has changed and they need to use innovative ways to make their presence felt online. (Furlong, 2001)

Essays --

This research proposal will be dealing with the growing problem of attention deficit hyperactive disorder, or also known commonly as ADHD, in the United States. ADHD has grown from the 1% of the childhood population in the 1970’s to its current rate of 5% of the school age population according to National Survey of Children’s Health. That is a 400% increase over 40 years. With this type of increase, so has the increase of medication children are prescribed to help them cope with the disorder. This study will be looking at what kind of effect these medications are having on young children and, if any, the affects of the medication on the child meeting milestones in their education. H- Dietary eliminations from a child diagnosed with ADHA can have a notable positive effect. H1- Dietary eliminations from a child diagnosed with ADHA does not have a notable positive effect. Chapter 1: Introduction to research proposal. ADHD is defined by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequently displayed and is more severe than is typically observed in individuals at comparable level of development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several characteristics that are present in ADHA that include hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that must have been present in a child’s life before they reach seven years of age. Some impairment from the symptoms of ADHD must be present in at least two settings. A doctor must observe clear evidence of interference with developmentally appropriate social, academic or occupational functioning and the disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorders and... ...t even harder to study and find the true results of the effect they have on children. One that has been studied is known simply as Yellow Number 5 has been studied alone. The results are that they could not find a direct link to it and hyperactivity but it is the second most used dye in the United State. Yello Number 5 is called tartrazine and is commonly found in all of the following: Nabisco Cheese Nips Four Cheese; Frito-Lay Sun Chips Harvest Cheddar and other Frito-Lay products; some Hunt's Snack Pack Pudding products; Lucky Charms; Eggo waffles and other waffle products; some Pop-Tarts products; various Kraft macaroni and cheese products; Betty Crocker Hamburger Helper and other products; some Oscar Mayer Lunchables products; Hot Pockets Ham & Cheese; some Hostess cup cakes; some Betty Crocker frostings; some M&M's and Skittles products; some Gatorade products.

Reflection Paper of a Walk to Remember Essay

Summary: â€Å"A Walk to Remember† is a heart touching story which is being narrated by a 57 year-old Landon Carter, who describes how he fell in love with the Baptist’s daughter, Jamie. It’s starting from two young people who first are strangers and then find themselves unexpectedly fall in love with each other. In 1958, Beaufort, North Carolina, seventeen-year-olds Landon Carter who is a popular and rich kid in the community planned to study at University of Carolinas after he graduated. His first girlfriend is Angela, but unfortunately they are not last. Therefore, Landon and Jamie live in two completely different worlds. Jamie Sullivan is a quiet and kind and bookish girl whom he has known many years but rarely ever spoken with. This changes when Landon needs a date for the homecoming dance. All the girls he knows already have dates and finally he has no other possibility than asking Jamie. Surprisingly, she agrees, although her father doesn’t like Landon at all. The party day is coming and they have fun together lots. After the dance, Jamie asks Landon to play one of the main roles in a Christmas play that her father has written. Landon doesn’t want to but he agrees nevertheless. When the rehearsals start, Landon and Jamie spend a lot of time together, and the more Landon knows about Jamie, the more he understands and even likes her. He even walks Jamie home every night. On the evening when the play is performed, he seen Jamie as a very beautiful lady and he realized he falls in love with her. After Landon confessed, they start dating and having a very sweet couple life. They’re in a relationship together until Jamie tells him she has leukemia, and that she had stopped responding to treatments. This causes a struggle in their relationship. Jamie condition getting worse day by day and London feel really sad that he can’t help her anything. In the end they get married because Landon wants to fulfill her wish. Forty year later, Landon still loves her and never removed the ring. He said â€Å"I now believe, by the way, that miracles can happen†. Characters Analysis: Jamie Sullivan is the seventeen-year-old daughter of Hegbert Sullivan. She is a very religious girl, carrying her Bible around with her everywhere. She is happy and cheerful and sees the best in everyone and in every situation, always ready to help those in distress. I really like her character the most because of her kind and innocent attitudes and very loyal to love. Landon Carter is the 57 year-old man who through flashback narrates the story of his seventeenth year, the year that changed his life. I really like him after finishing the whole reading because it show that he is very loyal to his wife by never removing the wedding ring and still in love with her. However, after I take looks at the acknowledgement part of the novel shows that he re-married with other women and has 2 sons. I really dislike the fact that he re-married showing that he is not loyal to Jamie at all. Recommendation: I would recommend this story for those who enjoy novels that touch your heart and make you think about real life. It’s a story of how strong teen love can truly be and the love conquers all. Even it’s a bit complicated and boring at first, if you keep on reading you will find it addicted, because the best part of the story is in the last chapter. Conclusion: This novel is a very heart touching story and I like it. I love how the author draws the reader in with emotions, descriptions, love, and death. Therefore, I think it’s a great book that show the real love between man and woman and it’s even touching of how it show that the main characters struggle together through their love obstacles and how the power of love can change a person.

Water in architecture and water spaces: look, touch, feel

The paper focuses on how the presence of H2O & A ; # 8211 ; either as a characteristic or a map & A ; # 8211 ; enriches the design of public edifices, and how this relationship is perceived through centripetal human experience. Four instance surveies are used. Case analyze one is the Roman bath composite at Bath, Avon ; instance survey two is an early Modernist design of a glass marquee by Bruno Taut ; instance survey three is an illustration of a Post Modernist plaza in New Orleans designed by Charles. W. Moore ; and instance analyze four is the modern-day design of a thermic baths in Vals, Switzerland by Peter Zumthor. In each instance there will be an analysis of the architectural design including facets such as symmetricalness and balance, coloring material, texture, stuffs, signifier, and graduated table. Findingss will include how H2O is used in the design infinite and its consequence upon the human senses. The survey expects to see a strong relationship between the presence of H2O and the environing design of the edifice. Furthermore, the survey hopes to set up a difference in the relationship between the centripetal experience of the two instance surveies where H2O is used as an aesthetic characteristic and has no practical map compared to the two baths where H2O is used to bathe in. The surveies are ordered chronologically to enable clear designation of the germinating architectural differences between the ancient bath edifice, and the two 20th century illustrations. Probe aims to research the potency of H2O as an instrument to help the designer ‘s efforts at making semblance. Aspects such as coloring material, and representation of signifier will be analysed in the two 20th century illustrations. The survey will climax with the modern-day invention and dynamism so supremely represented in the work of Peter Zumthor. In this 4th and most of import chapter the work aims to place how modern-day developments in architectural design & A ; # 8211 ; in comparing with the older instance surveies & A ; # 8211 ; expands and enriches the relationship between H2O and the human senses. Methodology The information for this survey was collected through documental research. Chapter one draws from Barry Cunliffe ‘s Roman Bath Discovered as a primary beginning and archeological context.The baths went through several phases of development before they were abandoned: this survey will utilize the simple program of the first phase as an illustration to avoid any confusion. Because of the age of the instance survey it is non possible to retroflex with certainty the exact nature of the centripetal experience of utilizing the baths. Therefore some guesss had to be conjectural based on the archeological and architectural grounds used. Throughout the thesis I will pull on Veronica Strang ‘s book The Meaning of Water ( 2003 ) which provides a utile penetration into the nature of the component in treatment. In the survey of Bruno Taut ‘s glass marquee the centripetal experience will besides hold to incorporate a conjectural component based on documental research as the marqu ee itself no longer stands. For chapter four, cyberspace beginnings were used in concurrence with diaries and books to turn up a firsthand history of the centripetal experience of Peter Zumthor ‘s baths. As a reasonably recent design of a comparatively unwritten about designer it was hard to turn up a diverseness of beginnings for the baths so the chapter will pull chiefly from articles both from cyberspace beginnings and from publications. IntroductionThe first chapter will look at the Roman Baths in Bath, Avon. It will research the relationship between the architectural design, the stuffs used, and the human senses, concentrating on the original program of the baths in their first stage as depicted by Cunliffe ( 1971 ) . This chapter will introductory to the survey as it will convey into treatment facets such as the relationship between the inside and outside of the edifice as perceived through human centripetal experience, and the atmospheric effects created by thermic Waterss which will be explored more exhaustively in the concluding chapter. It will measure facets of the Roman design such as symmetricalness, coloring material, and ornament and how these might hold enriched the bathing experience. Chapter two uses the instance survey of a glass marquee, imagined by the poet Paul Scheerbart, and designed by Bruno Taut in 1914. The cosmetic construction was designed to be exhibited at the Werkbund exhibition and was demolished shortly after. The H2O characteristic is centrally placed, designed to reflect the changing visible radiation through the motley glass panels of the environment. Its vision of a Utopian signifier of architecture utilizing glass prisms provides a alone contrast to the functionally aesthetic Roman baths. It will be used to develop the thought of architecture proving the boundaries between the perceptual experience of interior and exterior and between public and private infinite. The presence of the H2O and its interaction with the visible radiation from the marquee ‘s colored glass means that these constructs are explored through centripetal experience. Using relevant beginning stuff this chapter constructs an independent reading of Bruno Taut ‘s design, concentrating on its interior round signifier and tiered infinite.In Chapter Three the instance survey used will be the Piazza d'Italia built by Charles W. Moore between 1974 and 1978 for the Italian community of New Orleans. The Post-Modernist design is characterised by Moore ‘s dry reading of historical signifiers of architecture placed around a fountain in the form of Italy. The survey provides a utile contrast to the old illustrations & A ; # 8211 ; it raises inquiries of how symmetricalness in architectural design affects the centripetal perceptual experiences. The focal point of the construction is the H2O characteristic which serves as a self-contradictory unifier and centrifuge of the experience. Furthermore, this illustration brings into treatment the construct of a more complex relationship between the human senses and H2O in architecture which will climax in the concluding chapter. Chapter four concerns the thermic baths at Vals, Switzerland, designed by Peter Zumthor in 1996. This last and most of import chapter purposes to convey together facets of the three old illustrations through analysis of a modern-day design. The focal point will be on Zumnor ‘s inventive reading of the usage of H2O in a natural environment. Research into his combination of proficient invention and sensitive perceptual experience hopes to set up how H2O can be used in modern-day architectural design to enrich the centripetal human experience. Study will besides concentrate on facets of the design such as the careful attending paid to accomplishing balance and integrity & A ; # 8211 ; through characteristics such as the combination of different stuffs used. Features of the earlier instance surveies & A ; # 8211 ; such as the ambiguity of signifier in Moore ‘s plaza are discussed in visible radiation of Zumthor ‘s design of the baths ‘ inside. Finally, the survey will measure how successful Zumthor ‘s illustration is in unifying traditional constructs in a modern-day infinite.The Roman Bath Buildings at Avon, Bath.During the first century AD the Temple of Minerva and the baths were built at Bath over a thermic spring. As portion of the edifice procedure an enclosed reservoir was constructed with the point at which the H2O poured into the drain being unfastened with a flight of big stairss from a platform above, leting visitants to acquire near to the beginning of the H2O. The gap through which the H2O was accessed boasted an impressive archway ‘creating the feeling of the steamy H2O fluxing through the oral cavity of a cave from the Centre of the Earth. ‘ ( Cunliffe 1971, p.26 ) . The original entryway hall boasted three monolithic Windowss through which could be seen the sacred spring and the communion table beyond. The Great Bath would originally hold been covered by a masonry vaulted ceiling besides with big Windowss in its 2nd grade home base xxiv cunliffe. Roman glass was translucent so the baths would non hold been lit every bit good as an unfastened air pool. This means that there would hold been no positions from the Windowss and small Sun, ensuing in minimum interaction between the experience of being inside the edifice and the conditions outside. It appears that the lighting of the constitution took 2nd topographic point to the administration of infinite within the inside. Aside from the Great Bath the block contained two smaller Chamberss & A ; # 8211 ; the calidarium ( hot room ) , and tepidarium ( a warm acclimatising room ) ( Rook 1992, p.23-4 ) , and another smaller swimming bath now known as the Lucas bath. ( Cunliffe 1971, p.45 ) . High vaulted infinites covered the thermic Waterss of the Great Bath to let the steam to rise.As Macdonald says of this manner of Roman roof, ‘the main key to the sort of centripetal reaction or emotional response evoked by these edifices was the capacity of their concave forms to bring on an feeling of spread outing or lifting hollowness. ‘ ( 1982, p.176 ) The perceptual experience of infinite inside the baths would so hold been altered as the swimmer left the little heated altering suites and entered the country of the Great Bath. The warm bubbling H2O, with the ice chest tranquil infinite above would hold created two contrasting, yet complementary, centripetal experiences. This design meant that the activity of the H2O environment could be enjoyed while the oculus followed the way of lifting bluess, going upwards to the still repose of the vaulted roof. Leting the oculus to go, while bodily staying in the same topographic point would hold been an built-in portion of th e relaxation procedure. The tallness of the ceiling would hold besides added to the atmosphere by doing sounds to repeat. White limestone surrounded the bath which would hold been smooth to the touch, and excavated grounds suggests that statues and other shrine-like images decorated the inside, with a fountain in the Centre. It is possible to conceive of how the continually altering province of the Waterss would hold played upon the environing surfaces of the ornament, looking to bring forth fluctuations in coloring material and texture. As Veronica Strang says in her publication on H2O: The hypnotic qualities of H2O are of peculiar involvement in sing centripetal perceptual experience and the creative activity of significance. Schiffman ( 1996:101 ) notes that the oculus is automatically drawn to wavering or traveling stimulations, and Gell ( 1992 ) and Morphy ( 1991, 1992, 1994 ) have shown that shimmering or visually exciting forms can excite affectional responses in many different cultural contexts. The play and glare of H2O provide ocular stimulation that are rather different from those of most objects. The ocular involvement of inanimate objects is gleaned by the oculus actively following the signifier and coloring material and item. With H2O ( & amp ; # 8230 ; ) the oculus is presented with a luminescent image it can non ‘hold ‘ . Alternatively, it must merely absorb all of the beat of motion and the bantam displacements and alterations. ( 2003, p.51 ) . As in modern-day swimming baths it is likely that the Romans would hold enjoyed sitting beside the H2O to watch the drama of visible radiation and absorb the ambiance. From the remains found at Bath it appears that the design included sing countries: the bath itself lay in the Centre of an aisled hall 109ft long by 67ft broad, divided into a nave and two side aisles, or ambulatories, by uninterrupted arcades framed with pilasters and entablature like those in the entryway hall. Each ambulatory was provided with three exedrae, a cardinal rectangular deferral with semicircular 1s on either side, each framed by wharfs back uping arches in harmoniousness with the chief arcades. ( Cunliffe 1976, p.45 ) . These deferrals, placed within a symmetric program, would hold provided topographic points for people to sit and see the baths, while the uninterrupted arcades would hold led the line of vision around the inside, with the consequence of there being no beginning or terminal. This continuity of signifier in the chief country reflects its map as a consolidative infinite in two ways: one, architecturally associating the four different countries of the edifice, and two, supplying a public infinite befitting of the societal map of bathing itself which brought people together. To help the construct of bathing as a societal and a sacred experience certain characteristics were designed to appeal to the human senses. The floors and walls were decorated with mosaic forms in different colorss ; contrasts of coloring material being common in Roman architecture ( Macdonald 1982, p.176 ) , and as portion of the roof structures there stood tall columns in the cosmetic Corinthian manner. As a sacred topographic point, dedicated to Minerva, the therapist, visitants were tempted to throw offerings into the sacred H2O of the spring in hope of their wants being granted. The act of separating with money or something beloved is a ritual made possible by the spring being situated beneath the chief entryway hall. Excavations in 1878 by Mann discovered valuable offerings including pewter decorations, a gold earring, and a pin with a pearl attached. ( Cunliffe 1976, p.28 ) . The presence of the H2O beginning provides an temptation to the baths within, and moreover the gesture of the spring beneath would hold created a rich bubbling pool easy transforming the solid masonry and concrete walls into an aesthetically delighting yet functional infinite. The architecture of the baths edifice appears to hold been wholly devoted to the rite of bathing itself which occurred indoors. As Michael Wheeler says in Roman Art and Architecture ( 2001 ) :you went to the baths in great Numberss to speak to and about your friends and to work off the night-before. But one thing you surely did non make ; you ne'er glanced at the untidy composite of domes and gables outdoors as you entered. It was the interior of the edifice that mattered, with its looming wall-spaces that stretched the heads of designer and sculpturer and gave a sense of wellbeing to patron or client. ( p.16 ) . The experience of bathing was completed in a series of phases. The swimmers foremost entered the dressing room to alter, so after being anointed with oil proceeded to the series of chief bathing suites that varied in temperature ( net ref. 1 ) . In the calidarium swimmers had their organic structures scraped of oil and sweat, before come ining the frigidarium ( cold room ) , where there was a little cold pool. The swimmer so entered the Great Bath. The Romans had no quantitative measurings for temperature, ( Rook 1992, p.13 ) and despite the usage of the walls as warming in concurrence with under floor warming at that place would hold been comparatively small control over humidness compared to modern-day bath composites. Walls would hold been damp from capillary wet oozing up through the porous edifice stuffs and from condensation when heater humid air came into contact with colder surfaces. This meant that the visible radiation and heat of the bath might hold varied harmonizing to h ow many other people were utilizing it at the clip. Surely, these baths were designed to look their best when full of people & A ; # 8211 ; when the Waterss were traveling and the steam rise and breakage in the infinite above. The baths were alone in that they provided a extremely esteemed environment ( baths were frequently owned by emperors ) where personal rite could be conducted in a public infinite & A ; # 8211 ; which merely the presence of the H2O would let. The baths were ‘people ‘s castles, supplying a cultural focal point where everyone could bask luxury on a imperial graduated table every twenty-four hours. ‘ ( Rook 1992, p.20 ) . It is non hard to conceive of the many different odors & A ; # 8211 ; of different scented oils, steam, and hot organic structures. The baths composite was a wealth of money, leisure and animal experience, and the different stuffs used in the design reflect this. In the hall of the Great Bath lead lined the pool which met with the limestone beside it. This contrast of stuff was continued throughout in the broken signifiers of mosaic form interspersed with bronzy objects such as a bronze penstock in the north-east corner of the chief bath. ( Cunliffe 1 976, p.45 ) .As expected there appears to be a close relationship between the design of the baths at Avon and the centripetal experience of the spring H2O which was both a functional and an aesthetic feature.These two facets appear to hold been built-in to one another and it will be interesting to see how the relationship between architectural design and the human senses alters in the following instance survey where H2O within the glass marquee is present strictly for aesthetic grounds.The Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut for the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914.This instance analyze expressions at the interplay between H2O, visible radiation, and the senses in the early Modern Expressionist design of Bruno Taut ‘s glass marquee. The building was commissioned by poet Peter Scheerbart who dreamed of a ‘soaring glass architecture ‘ as a liberating up of architectural design. ( Crasemann Collins 1962, p.12 ) . It was a fourteen-sided prism roofed by a dome with bluish, green, and gold glass panels which reflected the sky. ( Ward 2001, p.65 ) . Inside was a seven-tiered chamber whose walls were made of glass panels lined with glass mosaic, and a round stairway & A ; # 8211 ; an ‘unreal, spiritual flight of stepss that one descends as if through scintillating H2O ‘ ( Pehnt 1973, p.76 ) . On the lower degree there was a rotunda with a pool and H2O cascading down superimposed stairss so that the going sound of H2O would hold echoed up to the highest grade. Taut claimed that the construction had been designed in the spirit of a Gothic cathedral. As Kenneth Frampton ( 1994 ) says, ‘In consequence a ‘city Crown ‘ , that pyramidic signifier postulated by Taut as the cosmopolitan paradigm of all spiritual edifice, which together with the religion it would animate was an indispensable urban component for the restructuring of society. ‘ ( p.116 ) . This remark is reflected in the usage of H2O as a symbolic unifier in two ways. First as a physical presence that mirrors the refracted visible radiation from the glass panels, making a harmonic balance between floor and ceiling and a sense of integrity within the construction, and secondly as something that all living things and people need and understand as an indispensable portion of life & A ; # 8211 ; an indispensable ingredient if you like of Taut ‘s Utopian ideal. When standing at the top of the H2O cascade it was possible to see upwards through the round infinite in the center to the curving infinite of the upper grades beyond. This provided a ocular contrast between the fluid downward motion of H2O and the curving pyramidic signifier of the roof above. Further ocular delectations were to be found in the wealth of colorss used in the design. The cascade of H2O travelled over pale xanthous glass, ‘terminating in a deferral of deep violet in which images were projec ted from a kaleidoscope. ‘ ( Pehnt 1973, p.76. ) The presence of the H2O served to unite people ‘s experience of the visible radiation into one ocular constituent. Because this building was non designed to be a lasting construction it did non necessitate to run into the heavy physical demands of wear and tear. Thus it is more aesthetically delighting than the Roman bath edifice, which in many ways was more functional.The aisled hall of the baths had a basic rectangular signifier surrounded by solid rock masonry which gave the edifice a sense of permanency. In contrast, the round signifier of Taut ‘s skeletal construction would non hold stood by itself: the upper hall was domed with different colored glass panels set into strengthened concrete ribs and relied on the stiffening consequence of the panels for stableness. The aesthetic map of the arched roof has non changed since the clip of the Roman baths at Avon ; in both structures the opening out of the roof provides infinite in which the head is set free to see the animal delectations of the inside. Yet what differs in Taut ‘s marquee is the temporalty of the construction. The tall ness creates a self-contradictory feeling of impermanent permanency & A ; # 8211 ; a brief feeling that one is about liberated from the confines of earthly constructions into the kingdom of the sky & A ; # 8211 ; while the presence of the running H2O beneath reminds the spectator that they are still on Earth. In a 1928 essay on ‘The Aestheticss of Architecture, ‘ Bruno Taut spoke of his ‘love for clean smoothness ‘ ( quoted from Ward 2001, p.56. ) This doctrine is echoed in design of the marquee where the visible radiation which is cast down through the glass surrounds hits the lower grade and is instantly washed off and diffused by the running H2O. As Strang ( 2003, p.50 ) says, ‘the most changeless ‘quality ‘ of H2O is that it is non changeless, but is characterised by commutability and sensitiveness to alterations in the environment. ‘ Thus it is possible to visualize the experience of the marquee: the senses being continually stimulated by the changeableness and reverberation of the H2O, the shifting visible radiation through the glass and its contemplation in the H2O, even the odor of the humidness & A ; # 8211 ; all of which are at the same time and subtly altering harmonizing to the nature of the conditions outside. It is non difficul t to conceive of how a flicker of Sun might all of a sudden hold transformed the marquee into a thousand inkling pieces. Furthermore, the seven grades allow the witness to command their centripetal experience by traveling as near and as far off from the altering visible radiation forms as they desire. Differing degrees which induced different experiences was non a characteristic of the design in the Roman baths but a parallel can be drawn between this facet of the marquee and the galleried hallway of the baths where the populace could see the spring beneath. In the comparing between the two instance surveies so far, the rite of bathing with its associated centripetal delectations becomes replaced by the rite of aesthetic and centripetal grasp entirely & amp ; # 8211 ; without the H2O holding any practical map whatsoever. It provides an indispensable focal point, take awaying attending off from what would otherwise be a cold empty infinite. As Strang ( 2003 ) says of the belongingss of H2O: Physically, it is the ultimate ‘fluid ‘ , make fulling any containing form and, every bit easy, shriveling and vanishing into the Earth or vaporizing into the quintessence. It has an extraordinary ability to transfigure quickly into substances with oppositional qualities, that is, the extremely seeable, concrete solidness of ice, and the fugitive dematerialisation of steam. Each province is infinitely reversible, so that this polymorphous scope is ever potentially present. ( p.49 ) . It is this changeableness and potency of H2O that enables the marquee to map as a dynamic public, yet personal, edifice. The tiered degrees above allow room for private contemplation in a public infinite. It is clear that the map of the H2O differs to that of the Roman baths, nevertheless, the aesthetic experience in both fulfils a axiom quoted by Walter Gropius & A ; # 8211 ; that ‘art is none other than the transmutation of supramundane ideas into objects of centripetal perceptual experience. ‘ ( quoted from Pehnt 1973, p.35 ) . In footings of the baths at Avon and Taut ‘s marquee, what could hold been an ordinary ‘mundane ‘ experience & A ; # 8211 ; the act of bathing, the observation of an cosmetic construction, & A ; # 8211 ; is transformed by the design of the edifice in concurrence with the presence of H2O and its consequence on the senses into something extraordinary. The round signifier of the interior creates a bubble where the witness becomes isolated from the outside universe ; the altering visible radiation and the motion of H2O making a sense of eternity. As Simon Urwin ( 2003, pp.125-6 ) says: every organic structure has around it what might be called a ‘circle of presence ‘ that contributes to its ain designation of topographic point. When a organic structure is in relationship with others, their circles of presence affect each other. When a organic structure is put into an enclosure or cell its circle of presence is besides contained and possibly moulded. If this is true so the centripetal experience of the person in the marquee would be shaped by the round presences of the grades and the H2O below climaxing in a rich and permanent personal experience. In the Roman bath edifice we see a all right contrast to this experience & A ; # 8211 ; where the functional facet of the H2O would hold caused Urwin ‘s ‘circles of presence ‘ to be broken down so that public and private infinite become one. Indeed Taut himself stared that he demanded ‘no differentiation between public and private edifices. ‘ ( quoted from Jencks 1985, p.61 ) . As a concluding point for the instance of the marquee, it is deserving sing the really construction itself and the infinite it contains. Its map & A ; # 8211 ; although non practical like the baths & A ; # 8211 ; is to supply an intermediary topographic point between the exposure of the out-of-doorss and the confines of the indoors, a infinite out of clip. The usage of different colored glass creates a absorbing interplay between visible radiation and H2O while making an enclosure without the feeling of being enclosed. This brings up interesting issues associating to the boundaries of interior and exterior which will be looked at in greater item when comparing these surveies to Zumthor ‘s work subsequently on. The following instance survey explores an unfastened air piazza the design of which provides a blunt contrast to Taut ‘s marquee. The chapter aims to place the germinating complexness of the relationship between architectural design, H2O and the senses & A ; # 8211 ; traveling on now to an illustration built in 1974.